The vulva, often confused with the vagina, is the external part of a woman’s genital anatomy: a delicate and complex area composed of the labia, clitoris, and surrounding skin. While we tend to focus on vaginal health, it’s equally important to recognize the vulva’s essential role in our intimate well-being. Vulvar pain, however, remains a quiet discomfort—often confusing and elusive.

This discomfort can present itself in various forms, ranging from throbbing sensations to tenderness or itching. Even though pain in this area is often dismissed, it is never normal and should always be taken seriously. Differentiating between vulvar and vaginal pain is key, as the causes and treatments can differ significantly.

What is Causing Pain in Your Vulva?

Vulvar pain can stem from a variety of causes, each requiring unique care and understanding. Let’s explore five common reasons for this discomfort.

Vulvodynia

For many women, vulvar pain becomes an uninvited companion—a discomfort that lingers without clear explanation. When this pain lasts for more than three months without an identifiable cause, it is often diagnosed as vulvodynia. An estimated 16 percent of women in the United States will experience vulvodynia at some point in their lives. This pain can manifest in various ways, including:

Sharp shooting pains that can occur randomly or with touch.

Discomfort when sitting for long periods.

Burning, stinging, or throbbing sensations that persist.

Vulvodynia can present itself in different ways, depending on where the pain is felt and what triggers it. Each type tells its own story, revealing how your body is responding to certain stimuli or, in some cases, remaining a mystery.

Generalized vulvodynia: Pain that encompasses the entire vulva, creating a constant sense of discomfort throughout the area.

Localized vulvodynia: Pain focused in a specific spot on the vulva, often making daily activities or even touch particularly sensitive in that area.

Provoked vulvodynia: Pain that’s triggered by contact—whether during sexual activity, when inserting a tampon, or even from wearing certain clothing.

Unprovoked vulvodynia: Pain that seems to arise without warning or any identifiable trigger, also known as "spontaneous vulvodynia."

These distinctions can help both you and your healthcare provider understand the nature of the pain, making it easier to find the right path to relief.

Infections

Infections are a common culprit behind vulvar pain, often stemming from imbalances within the vaginal microbiome. Two of the most prevalent infections that cause discomfort in the vulvar area are yeast infections (vulvovaginal candidiasis) and bacterial vaginosis (BV). Both conditions affect the vaginal ecosystem, but in different ways, leading to distinct symptoms.

Yeast Infections

A yeast infection, caused primarily by an overgrowth of Candida albicans, is one of the most frequent fungal infections women experience, with nearly 75% of women reporting at least one episode in their lifetime. When the vaginal microbiome is disrupted—due to antibiotics, hormonal changes, or a weakened immune system—yeast can proliferate, leading to inflammation and discomfort in the vulva.

What to Look For:

Thick, white discharge resembling cottage cheese, often accompanied by a lack of odor.

Red, scaly rash that can extend beyond the vulva to areas like the buttocks, creating additional irritation.

Swollen and sensitive vulva, with redness and puffiness being clear signs of infection.

This condition often brings a sense of itching or burning, particularly during sex or urination, but the symptoms can sometimes overlap with other vulvar conditions, so seeking a clear diagnosis is key.

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

While yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of fungi, BV results from an imbalance in the bacterial community of the vaginal microbiome. Normally, Lactobacillus bacteria keep the environment slightly acidic, with a pH of 3.8 to 4.5, protecting the vagina from harmful species. However, when the pH rises, usually due to the overgrowth of bacteria like Gardnerella vaginalis, BV develops, bringing discomfort to the vulvar region.

Symptoms of BV:

Itching around the vulva, often persistent and disrupting daily activities.

Burning during urination, which can feel like stinging or discomfort when passing urine.

Thin, grayish-white discharge with a distinctive fishy odor, particularly noticeable after sex.

3. Skin Conditions

The skin of the vulva, delicate and sensitive, is not immune to the challenges of chronic conditions like lichen sclerosus and lichen planus. These conditions weave discomfort into the fabric of daily life, bringing persistent itching, pain, and sensitivity to the vulvar area. Both conditions require thoughtful care and an understanding of their complex effects on the body’s most intimate spaces.

Lichen Planus: When Skin Becomes a Source of Discomfort

Lichen planus transforms the vulvar skin, leaving behind dryness, inflammation, and a persistent rash that itches and burns. This autoimmune condition can make even the simplest of activities—sitting, walking, or dressing—an uncomfortable experience. Yet, understanding its symptoms helps unveil the path to relief.

Signs to Look For:

Dry, itchy rash on the vulva, which feels rough and unsettling.

Burning and soreness, often triggered by urination or sexual activity.

Sensitivity and itching, a relentless sensation that’s difficult to ignore.

Painful sex, where the skin becomes too delicate to handle contact.

Bleeding after sex, as the fragile tissues struggle to cope with irritation.

Abnormal vaginal discharge, signaling deeper disruption within.

Lichen planus may not have a permanent cure, but with the right treatments—like topical steroids and calming creams—it’s possible to soothe the skin, easing the discomfort and creating space for healing.

Lichen Sclerosus: When the Skin Thins and Fragility Takes Hold

In the case of lichen sclerosus, the skin of the vulva begins to change, thinning and whitening over time. What once felt resilient now becomes fragile, prone to bruising and tearing. It’s a condition that calls for nurturing care, as the skin itself becomes more vulnerable with time.

Signs to Look For:

Dry, white patches that appear smooth and paper-thin, often fragile to the touch.

Intense itching, particularly at night when the skin feels most irritated.

Genital lesions and bruising, a result of the skin's vulnerability during physical activities like sex.

Painful intercourse, where even gentle friction can cause significant discomfort.

Bleeding, blistering, or ulcers, especially in more advanced cases where the skin is severely compromised.

4. Hormonal Changes

Estrogen is the body’s natural guardian of vaginal and vulvar health, supporting moisture, elasticity, and protection. Beyond these physical benefits, estrogen also plays a critical role in maintaining a balanced vaginal microbiome—the ecosystem of beneficial bacteria that protect against infections. By promoting the growth of healthy bacteria like lactobacilli, estrogen helps to regulate the vaginal pH, keeping it slightly acidic to ward off harmful bacteria and yeast.

However, when estrogen levels begin to decline during menopause or other life stages of hormonal fluctuation—such as postpartum, while breastfeeding, or during hormonal contraceptive use—this intricate balance can falter.

The reduction in estrogen can lead to vulvar dryness, where the skin loses its moisture and natural resilience. This thinning of the vulvar tissues, a condition known as vulvar atrophy, transforms once-supple skin into something more fragile, making it prone to irritation, itching, and pain. These changes are not only uncomfortable but can significantly affect daily life and intimacy.

What Happens When Estrogen Levels Drop?

Dryness: The vulvar tissues lose their natural hydration, leading to a sensation of tightness and discomfort.

Thinning Skin: As estrogen declines, the vulvar skin becomes thinner and more delicate, making it more vulnerable to external factors like friction, leading to increased itching and sensitivity.

Irritation and Inflammation: Without estrogen's protective effect, the vulvar area is more susceptible to irritation from everyday activities such as walking, wearing certain clothes, or even sitting for long periods.

Painful Intercourse: With reduced moisture and elasticity, friction during sex becomes more painful, often making intimacy uncomfortable and difficult.

5. Bartholin’s cyst

The Bartholin glands, small but significant, rest on each side of the vaginal opening, their primary role being to release a fluid that naturally lubricates the vagina during sexual arousal. However, if these glands become blocked, they can develop into a Bartholin’s cyst—an often unnoticed, pea-sized swelling near the base of the vulva. Though typically painless, larger cysts or those that become infected can lead to discomfort, particularly when walking, sitting, or during intimacy.

In many cases, a simple self-care approach can be effective. Warm baths or compresses may help reduce the swelling and encourage drainage. But if infection sets in and an abscess forms, professional treatment is essential. Your healthcare provider may need to drain the cyst using a needle, a procedure best left to them. It’s important not to try draining it yourself. If the cyst continues to return, surgical removal, known as marsupialization, may be a necessary next step.

When to Seek Help from a Healthcare Provider

Diagnosing vulvar pain can be challenging, which is why consulting a specialist in vulvar pain or pelvic health is so important. These professionals take a comprehensive approach, considering factors such as pelvic floor function, nerve involvement, and overall health to uncover the root cause of your discomfort.

If your pain is accompanied by symptoms like abnormal bleeding, unusual vaginal discharge, burning, itching, or swelling, don’t hesitate to seek medical attention immediately. These signs may indicate a condition that requires prompt care.

Understanding what feels normal for your body can make it easier to notice when something is wrong. Vulvar pain may stem from a variety of causes, some of which are minor while others require specialized treatment. The only way to know for sure is by consulting a healthcare provider who can guide you toward the right solutions.